Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology
that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember,
and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of
psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy,
and linguistics.
Noam Chomsky
helped to ignite a "cognitive revolution" in psychology
when he criticized the behaviorists' notions of "stimulus",
"response", and "reinforcement", arguing that such
ideas—which Skinner had borrowed from animal experiments in the
laboratory—could be applied to complex human behavior, most notably language
acquisition, in only a superficial and vague manner. The postulation that
humans are born with the instinct or "innate facility" for acquiring
language posed a challenge to the behaviorist position that all behavior,
including language, is contingent upon learning and reinforcement. Social learning theorists, such as Albert
Bandura, argued that the child's environment could make
contributions of its own to the behaviors of an observant subject.
The Müller-Lyer illusion. Psychologists make
inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical
illusions.
Meanwhile, accumulating technology
helped to renew interest and belief in the mental states and
representations—i.e., the cognition—that had fallen out of favor with behaviorists.
English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington and Canadian psychologist Donald O.
Hebb used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena with
the structure and function of the brain.
With the rise of computer science and artificial intelligence, analogies were
drawn between the processing of information by humans and information processing by machines.
Research in cognition had proven practical since World War II,
when it aided in the understanding of weapons operation.[46]
By the late 20th century, though, cognitivism had become the dominant paradigm
of mainstream psychology, and cognitive psychology emerged as a popular
branch.
Assuming both, that the covert mind should be
studied and that the scientific method should be used to study it, cognitive
psychologists set such concepts as subliminal processing and implicit
memory in place of the psychoanalytic unconscious mind or
the behavioristic contingency-shaped behaviors. Elements of behaviorism
and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form the basis of cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of
psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis and American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck.
Cognitive psychology was subsumed along with other disciplines, such as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience,
under the cover discipline of cognitive
science.
Vocabulaery list:
1.
cognitive revolution =Revolusi kognitive
2.
information processing =Pengolahan informasi
3.
cognitive
science =Ilmu
kognitif
4.
neuroscience = neuroscience
5.
philosophy of mind =Filsafat Fikiran
6.
cognitive behavioral therapy =Terapi prilaku kognitif
7.
implicit
memory =Implicit
memori
8.
Social learning theorists =Teori belajar sosial
9.
innate facility =Fasilitras bawaan
10. artificial intelligence =Kecerdasan buatan
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